•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that help balance microbes in intestines and promote growth beneficial bacteria, they vary between bacteria, yeasts, and fungi and they are helpful to human health when taken in adequate and suitable amounts. In addition to maintaining intestinal health and help with digestion and absorption, also inhibiting development and preventing spread of harmful microorganisms. It exists in different forms, in the intestines and in the foods, products fermented, and in the pharmaceutical supplements. Because human health depends largely on the interaction between humans and these microorganisms known as probiotics, it has found that these organisms have vital functions in the body depending on their survival and continuity. A very significant improvement in the symptoms of disease conditions observed when probiotics given to patients for a specific period and this done depending on the type of these microorganisms. Therefore, this review aimed to describe these microorganisms known as probiotics and identify their types, in addition to their benefits and the most important beneficial effects of probiotics and their use in clinical applications for contributing to illness prevention and treatment. It found that it covers numerous medical disorders, including intestinal infections, lowers intestinal inflammation and treats digestive issues, lessens the incidence of diarrhea, constipation, stomach bacteria, urinary and reproductive tract infections, and enhancing immunity, helps the immune system become more effective and stronger. As well as its role in protecting against behavioral disorders such as autism and depression and helping to get rid of obesity. This review offers these disease states as well as probiotics function, which helps researchers in the field of probiotics to benefit from and use the information provided. This review also discussed the most important sources from which probiotics obtained, in addition to identifying the most important challenges and obstacles that limit their use. In conclusion, probiotics are helpful microorganisms for the body. They serve a number of vital functions and offer significant and potent health advantages.

References

1] Godoy A, Herrera T, Ulloa M. Mas alla del pulque y el tepache: las bebidas alcoholicas no destiladas indígenas de Mexico. 1a ed. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas. 2003; ISBN 970-32-0638-7. http://hdl.handle.net/11154/ 149501.

[2] Nakazawa Y, Hosono A. Functions of fermented milk: Challenges for the health sciences. In: Fermented milk in the orient. London. UK: Elsevier Applied Science; 1992. p. 61—78.

[3] Brown AC, Valiere A. Probiotics and medical nutrition therapy. Nutr Clin Care 2004;7(2):56—68.

[4] Tissier H. Treatment of intestinal infections using bacterial flora of the intestine [in French]. Crit Rev Soc Biol 1906;60: 359—61.

[5] Metchnikoff E, Chapter V. Lactic acid as inhibiting intestinal putrefaction. In: The prolongation of life. Optimistic studies. New York, London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons; 1908. p. 161—83.

[6] Gasbarrini G, Bonvicini F, Gramenzi A. Probiotics history. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016;50:S116—9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MCG.0000000000000697.

[7] Lilly DM, Stillwell RH. Probiotics. Growth promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science 1965;147:747—8.

[8] Parker RB. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Anim Nutr Health 1974;29:4—8.

[9] Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989;66(5):365—78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989. tb05105.x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2666378/.

[10] Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995;125(6):1401—12. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401.

[11] Munir A, Javed GA, Javed S, Arshad N. Levilactobacillus brevis from carnivores can ameliorate 150 MA'AEN JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2025;4:141—155 hypercholesterolemia: in vitro and in vivo mechanistic evidence. J Appl Microbiol 2022;133:1725—42. https://doi. org/10.1111/jam.15678.

[12] FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Cordoba, Argentina: FAO/ WHO; 2001.

[13] Britton RA, Hoffmann DE, Khoruts A. Helping patients make sense of probiotics. Gastroenterology 2021;160: 614—23. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.047.

[14] Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;11: 506—14. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrgastro.2014.66.

[15] Suman J, Rakshit A, Ogireddy SD, Singh S, Gupta C, Chandrakala J. Microbiome as a key player in sustainable agriculture and human health. Front Soil Sci 2022;2:821589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.821589.

[16] Bodke H, Jogdand S. Role of probiotics in human health. Cureus 2022;14:e31313. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31313. https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/ 111413/20240724-319105-6cy2ok.pdf.

[17] FAO, WHO. Report of a joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food; FAO: Rome, Lazio, Italy; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. 2002.

[18] Fenster K, Freeburg B, Hollard C, Wong C, Rønhave Laursen R, Ouwehand A. The production and delivery of probiotics: a review of a practical approach. Microorganisms 2019;7:83. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030083.

[19] Dahiya, Nigam. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fermented foods as potential biotics in nutrition improving health via microbiome-gut-brain axis. Fermentation 2022;8: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070303.

[20] Wang X, Han M, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yue T, et al. In vitro evaluation of the hypoglycemic properties of lactic acid bacteria and its fermentation adaptability in apple juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021;136:110363.

[21] Dhopatkar N, Keeler JL, Mutwalli H, Whelan K, Treasure J, Himmerich H. Gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in anorexia nervosa: a review of mechanistic rationale and clinical evidence. Psychoneur endocrinology 2023;147:105959.

[22] Doron S, Gorbach S. Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti-infective Ther 2014;4(2):261—75. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.4.2.261.

[23] Zucko J, Starcevic A, Diminic J, Oros D, Mortazavian AM, Putnik P. Probiotic―Friend or Foe? Curr Opin Food Sci 2020;32:45—9.

[24] Feng P, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Li E. A review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Perspectives from the gut—brain axis. Front Microbiol 2023;14:1123462.

[25] Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Sharon G, Hyde ER, McCue T, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 2013;155(7):1451—63.

[26] Patel S, Goyal A. Evolving roles of probiotics in cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Probiot Antimicrob Proteins 2013;5:59—67.

[27] Ghasemian A, Eslami M, Shafiei M, Najafipour S, Rajabi A. Probiotics and their increasing importance in human health and infection control. Rev Med Microbiol 2018;29: 153—8.

[28] Ma T, Shen X, Shi X, Sakandar HA, Quan K, Li Y. Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism—an evidence-based review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023;138:178—98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tifs.2023.06.013.

[29] Maldonado Galdeano C, Cazorla SI, Lemme Dumit JM, Velez E, Perdigon G. Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system. Ann Nutr Metab 2019;74:115—24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496426.

[30] Javanshir N, Hosseini GNG, Sadeghi M, Esmaeili R, Satarikia F, Ahmadian G, Allahyari N. Evaluation of the function of probiotics, emphasizing the role of their binding to the intestinal epithelium in the stability and their effects on the immune system. Biol Proced Online 2021;23 (1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12575-021-00160-w. 1.

[31] Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CM,Watanabe K. A tax-onomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70(4):2782—858.

[32] Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019;103(16):6463—72. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00253-019-09978-7.

[33] Danilenko V, Devyatkin A, Marsova M, Shibilova M, Ilyasov R, Shmyrev V. Common inflammatory mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson’s diseases: the role of microbiome, pharmabiotics and postbiotics in their prevention. J Inflamm Res 2021;14:6349—81.

[34] Troche MR, Adame JC, Diaz EAV M, Gomez Escudero, O Eugenia Icaza Chavez OEI, Chavez-Barrera MA, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus LB: A useful pharmabiotic for the treatment of digestive disorders. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2020;13:1756284820971201.

[35] Hickey RJ, Zhou X, Pierson JD, Ravel J, Forney LJ. Understanding vaginal microbiome complexity from an ecological perspective. Transl Res 2012;160:267—82.

[36] Deriu E, Liu JZ, Pezeshki M, Edwards RA, Ochoa RJ, Contreras H, et al. Probiotic bacteria reduce Salmonella typhimurium intestinal colonization by competing for iron. Cell Host Microbe 2013;14:26—37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chom.2013.06.007.

[37] Sonnenborn U. Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917-from bench to bedside and back: History of a special Escherichia coli strain with probiotic properties. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 2016;363:212. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/femsle/fnw212.

[38] Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M, de los ReyesGavilan CG, Margolles A, Sanchez B. How do bifidobacteria counteract environmental challenges? mechanisms involved and physiological consequences. Gene Nutr 2011; 6:307—18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-010-0207-5.

[39] Rosa C, Peter G. Biodiversity and ecophysiology of yeasts. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2006. [40] Riza ZA. Pemanfaatan Khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae Untuk Ternak. Wartazoa 2005;15:1 70—88.

[41] Lin CY, Carroll MQ, Miller MJ, Rabot R, Swanson KS. Supplementation of yeast Cell Wall fraction tends to improve intestinal health in adult dogs undergoing an abrupt diet transition. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:597939.

[42] Seifati SM, Zaker E, Fesahat F, Zare F, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Modulatory Effect of Probiotics on Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels in Acrylamide-Treated Rats. Biochem Res Int 2021;2021:2268770.

[43] Shen J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Lin Z, Ji L, Ma X. Tibetan pigderived probiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus SLZX20-1 improved intestinal function via producing enzymes and regulating intestinal microflora. Front Nutr 2022;9:846991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.846991.

[44] Lee YS, Yu HY, Kwon M, Lee SH, Park JI, Seo J, Kim SK. Probiotic characteristics and safety assessment of Lacticaseibacillus casei KGC1201 isolated from panax ginseng. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023;33(4):519—26. https://doi.org/ 10.4014/jmb.2211.11029.

[45] Kim T, Mondal SC, Jeong CR, Kim SR, Ban OH, Jung YH, et al. Safety evaluation of Lactococcus lactis IDCC 2301 MA'AEN JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2025;4:141—155 151 isolated from homemade cheese. Food Sci Nutr 2021 Nov 17;10(1):67—74. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2648.

[46] Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkanen € H, Salo E, Vesikari T. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:1103—7.

[47] Rahkola EN, Rautava S, Hiltunen H, Ross C, Lahti L, Isolauri E. The preterm gut microbiota and administration routes of different probiotics: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2023;94:1480—7.

[48] Mann S, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ji GE, Hwang KT, Ku S. Oral probiotic activities and biosafety of Lactobacillus gasseri HHuMIN D. Microb Cell Fact 2021;20(1):75. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12934-021-01563-w.

[49] Lopez P, Gonzalez-Rodr ígue I, Sanchez B, RuasMadiedo P, Suarez A, Margolles A, et al. Interaction of Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG13195 with HT29 Cells Influences regulatory-T-cell-associated chemokine receptor expression. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:2850—7.

[50] Tharawadeephimuk W, Chaiyasut C, Sirilun S, Sittiprapaporn P. Preliminary study of probiotics and kynurenine pathway in autism spectrum disorder. In: Conference: 2019 16th international conference on electrical engineering/electronics, computer, telecommunications and information technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE: Publisher; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTI-CON47248.2019.8955380.

[51] Guo C, Huo YJ, Li Y, Han Y, Zhou D. Gut-brain axis: Focus on gut metabolites short-chain fatty acids. World J Clin Cases 2022;10:1754—63.

[52] Musazadeh V, Zarezadeh M, Faghfouri AH, Keramati M, Jamilian P, Jamilian P, et al. Probiotics as an effective therapeutic approach in alleviating depression symptoms: An umbrella meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;29: 1—9.

[53] Oliveira LFF, Salvador SL, Silva PHF, Furlaneto FAC, Figueiredo L, Casarin R, et al. Benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis probiotic in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontol 2017;88:197—208. https://doi.org/10.1902/ jop.2016.160217.

[54] Stenman LK, Waget A, Garret C, Klopp P, Burcelin R, Lahtinen S. Potential probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis Ssp. Lactis 420 prevents weight gain and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Benef Microbes 2014;5:437—45. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0014.

[55] RoskarI, Svigelj K, Stempelj M, Volfand J, Stabuc B, Malovrh S, et al. Effects of a probiotic product containing Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. animalis IM386 and Lactobacillus plantarum MP2026 in lactose intolerant individuals: randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2017;35:1—8.

[56] Allen AP, Hutch W, Borre YE, Kennedy PJ, Temko A, Boylan G, et al. Bifidobacterium Longum 1714 as a Translational Psychobiotic: Modulation of Stress, Electrophysiology and Neurocognition in Healthy Volunteers. Transl Psychiatry 2016;6:e939. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.191.

[57] Li A, Wang Y, Li Z, Qamar H, Mehmood K, Zhang L, et al. Probiotics isolated from yaks improves the growth performance, antioxidant activity, and cytokines related to immunity and inflammation in mice. Microb Cell Fact 2019;18:112.

[58] Marseglia GL, Tosca M, Cirillo I, Licari A, Leone M, Marseglia A, et al. Efficacy of Bacillus clausii spores in the prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children: a pilot study. Therapeut Clin Risk Manag 2007;3:13—7. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.1.13.

[59] Jung JH, Lee MY, Chang HC. Evaluation of the probiotic potential of Bacillus polyfermenticus CJ6 isolated from Meju, a Korean soybean fermentation starter. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012;22:1510—7. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1205.05049.

[60] Lee NK, Kim WS, Paik HD. Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019;28(5):1297—305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-019-00691-9.

[61] Yang HJ, Kwon DY, Kim HJ, Kim MJ, Jung DY, Kang HJ, et al. Fermenting soybeans with Bacillus licheniformis potentiates their capacity to improve cognitive function and glucose homeostaisis in diabetic rats with experimental Alzheimer’s type dementia. Eur J Nutr 2015;51: 77—88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0687-y.

[62] Beimfohr CA. Review of research conducted with probiotic E. coli marketed as Symbioflor. Int J Bacteriol 2016;2016: 3535621.

[63] Hanchi H, Mottawea W, Sebei K, Hammami R. The genus enterococcus: between probiotic potential and safety concerns-an update. Front Microbiol 2018;3(9):1791. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01791.

[64] Lamas B, Richard ML, Leducq V, Pham HP, Michel ML, Da Costa G, et al. CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Nat Med 2016;22:598—605.

[65] Bin L, Yang F, Lu D, Lin Z. Specific immunotherapy plus Clostridium butyricum alleviates ulcerative colitis in patients with food allergy. Sci Rep 2016;6:25587.

[66] Kobliner V, Mumper E, Baker SM. Reduction in obsessivecompulsive disorder and self-injurious behavior with Saccharomyces boulardii in a child with autism: a case report. Integr. Med 2018;17:38.

[67] Zhou J, Li M, Chen Q, Li X, Chen L, Dong Z, et al. Programmable probiotics modulate inflammation and gut microbiota for inflammatory bowel disease treatment after effective oral delivery. Nat Commun 2022;13:3432.

[68] Ouwehand A, Kirjavainen P, Gronlund € M-M, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Adhesion of probiotic micro-organisms to intestinal mucus. Int Dairy J 1999;9:623—30.

[69] Fakharian F, Asgari B, Nabavi-Rad A, Sadeghi A, Soleimani N, Yadegar A, et al. The interplay between Helicobacter pylori and the gut microbiota: An emerging driver influencing the immune system homeostasis and gastric carcinogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12: 953718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.

[70] Markowiak-Kopec P, Sli zewska _ K. The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome. Nutrients 2020;12:1107. https://doi. org/10.3390/nu12041107.

[71] Huang R, Xing H, Liu H, Chen Z, Tang B. Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Transl Pediatr 2021;10(12):3248—60. https://doi.org/ 10.21037/tp-21-511.

[72] Yin X, Heeney D, Srisengfa Y, Golomb B, Griffey S, Marco M. Bacteriocin biosynthesis contributes to the antiinflammatory capacities of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. Benef Microbes 2018;9:333—44. https://doi.org/ 10.3920/BM2017.0096.

[73] Das N, Ragavan ML, Mandal SK. Recent advances on efficacy of probiotic yeasts in human welfare: an overview. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 2022;12(3):e9277. https:// www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20220563306.

[74] Ryma T, Samer A, Soufli I, Rafa H, Chafia Touil-Boukoffa C. Role of probiotics and their metabolites in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Gastroenterol Insights 2021;12(1):56—66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ gastroent12010006.

[75] Khalifa A, Sheikh A, Ibrahim HIM. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enriched camel Milk attenuated colitis symptoms in mice model. Nutrients 2022;14:1967. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/nu14091967.

[76] Abriouel H, Franz CM, Omar N, Ben Galvez A. Diversity and applications of Bacillus bacteriocins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011;35:201—32.

[77] Aziz AB, Ali M, Basunia AH, Yunus Md, Clemens J, Zaman K. Impact of vaccination on the risk factors for acute rotavirus diarrhea: An analysis of the data of a cluster-randomized trial conducted in a rural area of Bangladesh. Vaccine 2020;38:2190—7. 152 MA'AEN JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2025;4:141—155

[78] Guarino AMD, Guandalini SMD, Lo Vecchio AMD. Probiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49:S37—45. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MCG.0000000000000349.

[79] Szajewska H, Guarino A, Hojsak I, Indrio F, Kolacek S, Shamir R, et al. Use of probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis: A position paper by the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58:531—9.

[80] Michael V, Marteau PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on diarrhea. J Nutr 2007;137(3):803S—11S. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/jn/137.3.803S.

[81] Wanga F, Zhaoa T, Wangb W, Daic Q, Ma X, Wang, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis1Medicine®Metaanalysis of the efficacy of probiotics to treat diarrhea. Medicine 2022;101(38):e30880. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MD.0000000000030880.

[82] Mandal A, Sahi PK. Probiotics for diarrhea in children. J Med Res Innov 2017;1(2):AV5—12. https://jmrionline.com/ jmri/article/view/66.

[83] Moal VL, Amsellem R, Servin AL, Coconnier MH. Lactobacillus acidophilus (strain LB) from the resident adult human gastrointestinal microflora exerts activity against brush border damage promoted by a diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in human enterocyte-like cells. Gut 2002; 50:803—11.

[84] Dimidi E, Zdanaviciene A, Astro CA, Christodoulides S, Taheri S, Louis P, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 probiotic vs placebo, and impact on gut transit time, symptoms, and gut microbiology in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019;49:251—64.

[85] Choopani R, Ghourchian A, Hajimehdipoor H, Kamalinejad M, Ghourchian F. Effect of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl on adult functional constipation: a prospective pilot study. J Evid Based Integr Med 2017;22:646—51

.[86] Suares NC, Ford AC. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta- analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:1582—91. quiz 1581, 1592.

[87] Riezzo G, Chimienti G, Orlando A, D'Attoma B, Clemente C, Russo F. Effects of long-term administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938 on circulating levels of 5-HT and BDNF in adults with functional constipation. Benef Mirbobes 2019;10:137—47.

[88] Preston K, Krumian R, Hattner J, Montigny D, Stewart M, Gaddam S, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 improve quality-of-life and IBS symptoms: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Benef Microbes 2018;9:697—706.

[89] Abrahamsson H, Antov S, Bosaeus I. Gastrointestinal and colonic segmental transit time evaluated by a single abdominal x-ray in healthy subjects and constipated patients. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1988;152:72—80. PubMed PMID: 325461610.3109/00365528809095938.

[90] Araújo MM, Botelho PB. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in chronic constipation: Outstanding aspects to be considered for the current evidence. Front Nutr 2022;8(9): 935830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.935830.

[91] Wallace C, Sinopoulou V, Gordon M, Akobeng AK, Chea AL, Hungria G, et al. Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children Cochrane. Database Syst Rev 2022;3(3):Cd014257.

[92] Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Crispus Perera BJ, Benninga MA. Childhood constipation as an emerging public health problem. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22(30): 6864—75. 27570423; 497458510.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6864.

[93] Blake MR, Raker JM, Whelan K. Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;44(7):693—703. PubMed PMID: 2749264810.1111/apt.13746.

[94] Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, et al. Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation. Global Study Gastroenterology 2021;160(1):99—114. e3 PubMed PMID: 3229447610.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.014.

[95] Barrons R, Tassone D. Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: A review. Clin Ther 2008;30(3):453—68.

[96] Zuccotti GV, Meneghin F, Raimondi C, Dilillo D, Agostoni C, Riva E, et al. Probiotics in clinical practise: an overview. J Int Med Res 2008;36(Suppl 1):1A—53A.

[97] Beerepoot MAJ, Geerlings SE, van Haarst EP, Mensing van Charante N, ter Riet G. Nonantibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Urol 2013; 190:1981—9 [CrossRef].

[98] Hütt P, Lapp E, Stsepetova J, Smidt I, Taelma H, Borovkova N, et al. Characterisation of probiotic properties in human vaginal lactobacilli strains. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2016;27:30484.

[99] Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves CT, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016;42(6):905e27.

[100] Matsuda Y, Cho O, Sugita T, Ogishima D, Takeda S. Culture supernatants of Lactobacillus gasseri and L. Crispatus inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation and adhesion to HeLa cells. Mycopathologia 2018;183(4):691e700.

[101] Ling Z, Liu X, Chen W, Luo Y, Yuan L, Xia Y, et al. The restoration of the vaginal microbiota after treatment for bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole or probiotics. Microb Ecol 2013;65(3):773—80. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00248-012-0154-3.

[102] Liu HF, Yi N. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of probiotics for bacterial vaginosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022;26(1):90—8. https://doi.org/ 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27752.

[103] Iannitti T, Palmieri B. Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice. Clin Nutr 2010;29:701—25 [CrossRef] 28. Kaur IP, Chopra K, Saini A. Probiotics: potential pharmaceutical applications. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002; 15:1-725.

[104] Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Khoon W, Suen MM, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2017;153:420—9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j. gastro.2017.04.022.

[105] Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance―from biology to clinical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18: 613—29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00449-x.

[106] Keikha M, Karbalaei M. Probiotics as the live microscopic fighters against Helicobacter pylori gastric infections. BMC Gastroenterol 2021;21:1—18

[107] Ji J, Yang H. Using probiotics as supplementation for helicobacter pylori antibiotic therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(3): 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031136.

[108] Pinchuk IV, Bressollier P, Verneuil B, Fenet B, Sorokulova IB, Megraud F, et al. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis 3 is due to secretion of antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3156—61. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.11.3156- 3161.2001.

[109] Chen L, Xu W, Lee A, He J, Huang B, Zheng W, et al. The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection, eradication therapy and probiotic supplementation on gut microenvironment homeostasis: an open-label, randomized clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2018;35:87—96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ebiom.2018.08.028.

[110] Guruge JL, Falk PG, Lorenz RG, Dans M, Wirth HP, Blaser MJ, et al. Epithelial attachment alters the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:3925—30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.7.3925. MA'AEN JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2025;4:141—155 153

[111] Yuan Z, Xiao S, Li S, Suo B, Wang Y, Meng L, et al. The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection, eradication therapy, and probiotics intervention on gastric microbiota in young adults. Helicobacter 2021;26. https://doi.org/10.1111/ hel.12848.

[112] Chen YH, Tsai WH, Wu HY, Chen CY, Yeh WL, Chen YH, et al. Probiotic lactobacillus spp. Act against helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. J Clin Med 2019;8:90.

[113] Baryshnikova NV, Ilina AS, Ermolenko EI, Uspenskiy YP, Suvorov AN, Natalia VB. Probiotics and autoprobiotics for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Clin Cases 2023;11(20):4740—51. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc. v11.i20.4740.

[114] Pradeu T, Cooper EL. The danger theory: 20 years later. Front Immunol 2012;3:287. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fimmu.2012.00287.

[115] Aristizabal B, Gonzalez A. Innate immune system. In: Autoimmunity: From bench to bedside. Bogota, Colombia: El Rosario University Press; 2013.

[116] Mowat AM, Viney JL. The anatomical basis of intestinal immunity. Immunol Rev 1997;156:145—66. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00966.x.

[117] Adhikari PA, Kim WK. Overview of prebiotics and probiotics: focus on performance, gut health and immunity-a review. Ann Anim Sci 2017;17(4):949.

[118] Venegas DP, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, Gonzalez MJ, Quera R, Dijkstra G, et al. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol 2019;10:277.

[119] Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Munoz-Quezada ~ S, Gomez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;61:160—74 [CrossRef] [PubMed].

[120] Nakamura S, Kuda TAnC, Kanno T, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Inhibitory effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 1RM3 isolated from narezushi, a fermented fish with rice, on Listeria monocytogenes infection to Caco-2 cells and A/ J mice. Anaerobe 2012;18(1):19—24. Return to ref 38 in article.

[121] Makino S, Ikegami S, Kume A, Horiuchi H, Sasaki H, Orii N. Reducing the risk of infection in the elderly by dietary intake of yoghurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1. Br J Nutr 2010;104 (7):998—1006.

[122] Nagai T, Makino S, Ikegami S, Itoh H, Yamada H. Effects of oral administration of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and its exopolysaccharides against influenza virus infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011;11(12):2246—50.

[123] Zhu L, Kong Y, Chang X, Feng J, Wang X, Hou L, et al. Effects of two fish-derived probiotics on growth performance, innate immune response, intestinal health, and disease resistance of Procambarus clarkii. Aquaculture 2023;562:738765.

[124] Isolauri E, Sütas Y, Kankaanpa€a€ P, Arvilommi H, Salminen S. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(2):444s—50s.

[125] Nomoto K. Immunoregulatory functions of probiotics. Biosci Microflora 2000;19(1):1—8.

[126] Yasui H, Mike A, Ohwaki M. Immunogenicity of Bifidobacterium breve and change in antibody production in Peyer's patches after oral administration. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72(1):30—5.

[127] Kober HAKM, Rajoka MSR, Mehwish HM, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics: A Novel Strategy for Improving Livestock Health, Immunity, and Productivity. Microorganisms 2022;10:388. https://doi. org/10.3390/microorganisms10020388.

[128] Grimaldi R, Gibson GR, Vulevic J, Giallourou N, CastroMejía JL, Hansen LH, et al. A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Microbiome 2018;6:133.

[129] Arnold LE, Luna RA, Williams K, Chan J, Parker RA, Wu Q, et al. Probiotics for gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in autism: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2019;29(9):659—69. https:// doi.org/10.1089/cap.2018.0156.

[130] Guo M, Li R, Wang Y, Ma S, Zhang Y, Li S, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III modulates abnormal behavior and gut microbiota in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Physiol Behav 2022;257:113965.

[131] Pulikkan J, Maji A, Dhakan DB, Saxena R, Mohan B, Anto MM, et al. Gut microbial dysbiosis in indian children with autism spectrum disorders. Microb Ecol 2018;76(4): 1102—14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1176-2.

[132] Grossi E, Melli S, Dunca D, Terruzzi V. Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 2016;4. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2050313X16666231. 2050313X16666231.

[133] Kałuzna-Czapli _ nska J, Błaszczyk S. The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy. Nutrition 2012; 28(2):124—6.

[134] Xiong X, Liu D, Wang Y, Zeng T, Peng Y. Urinar 3-(3- hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid are elevated in children with autism spectrum disorders. BioMed Res Int 2016:9485412. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/ 9485412.

[135] Li Q, Zhou JM. The microbiota—gut—brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 2016;324(3):131—9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. neuroscience. 13.

[136] Muhammad F, Fan B, Wang R, Ren J, Jia S, Wang L, et al. The molecular gut-brain axis in early brain development. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:15389.

[137] Ledford H. Medical research: if depression were cancer. Nature 2014;515(7526):182—4. https://doi.org/10.1038/515182a.

[138] Gold SM, Kohler-Forsberg € O, Moss-Morris R, Mehnert A, Miranda JJ, Bullinger M, et al. Comorbid depression in medical diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6(1):69. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0200-2.

[139] Hao WZ, Li XJ, Zhang PW, Chen JX. A review of antibiotics, depression, and the gut microbiome. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112691.

[140] Ling Z, Cheng Y, Chen F, Yan X, Liu X, Shao L, et al. Changes in fecal microbiota composition and the cytokine expression profile in school-aged children with depression: A case-control study. Front Immunol 2022;13. https://doi. org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.964910.

[141] Mason BL, Li Q, Minhajuddin A, Czysz AH. microbiota are associated with depression and anhedonia. J Affect Disord 2020;266:394—401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad..01.137.

[142] Gao J, Longyou Zhao L, Cheng Y, Lei W, Wang Y, Liu X, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of depression and its comorbidities: a systemic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023;17(13):1167116. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fcimb.2023.1167116.

[143] Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, Segal JB, Peluso MJ, Guille C, et al. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016;316(21): 2214—36. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17324.

[144] Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16(10):605—16. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3.

[145] Sudo N. Microbiome, HPA axis and production of endocrine hormones in the gut Microbial Endocrinology: the Microbiota-Gut-Brain axis in Health and Disease. 2014. p. 177—94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_8.

[146] Morkl € S, Butler MI, Holl A. Probiotics and the microbiotagut-brain axis: focus on psychiatry. Current nutrition 154 MA'AEN JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2025;4:141—155 reports 2020;9:171—82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020- 00313-5.

[147] Azagra-Boronat I, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Castell M. Prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections and acute diarrhea Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases. Elsevier; 2019. p. 179—91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 814468-8.00014-4.

[148] Kurbonnazarova M, D Parikh D, Upadhyay R,Iannuzzelli A. Health Benefits of Saccharomyces boulardii as a probiotic. DO, FACOI Department. Rowan-Virtua Regional Integrated Special Needs Center 2024;194. https://rdw.rowan.edu/stratford_research_day/2024/may2/ 194.

[149] Włodarczyk M, Sli zewska _ K. Obesity as the 21st Century's major disease: The role of probiotics and prebiotics in prevention and treatment. Food Biosci 2021;42:101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111602.

[150] Oviedo-Leon JF, Mazon MC, Hernandez RO, Ramírez NT, Sanchez HH, Rodríguez DC. Exploration adhesion properties of Liquorilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus isolated from two different sources of tepache kefir grains. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297900; 2024.

[151] Kobyliak N, Conte C, Cammarota G, Haley AP, Styriak I, Gaspar L, et al. Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical rview. Nutr Metab 2016;13(14). https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0067-0.

[152] Kang Y, Kang X, Yang H, Liu H, Yang X, Liu Q, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates obesity in mice through modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal permeability. Pharmacol Res 2022;175:106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106020.

[153] Ejtahed S, Angoorani P, Soroush AR, Atlasi R, Ranjbar SH, Mortazavian AM, et al. Probiotics supplementation for the obesity management; A systematic review of animal studies and clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2019;52:228—42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.039.

[154] Michael DR, Davies TS, Jack AA, Masetti G, Marchesi JR, Wang D, et al. Daily supplementation with the Lab4P probiotic consortium induces significant weight loss in overweight adults. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):5. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-020-78285-3.

[155] DanialiM, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A brief overview on the use of probiotics to treat overweight and obese patients, 15; 2020. p. 1—4. https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2020.1719068. 1.

[156] Sukhminderjit Kaur S, Kaur R, Rani N. In book: advances in probiotics as sustainable food and medicine, microorganisms for sustainability, 21. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd; 2021. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978- 981-15-6795-7.

[157] Parichat P, Pongsak R. Probiotics: sources, selection and health benefits. Review Paper: Res J Biotechnol 2023;18(5): 102—13. https://doi.org/10.25303/1805rjbt1020113.

[158] Ferreira VC, Barroso TLCT, Castro LEN, Da Rosa RG, Oliveira LD. An overview of prebiotics and their applications in the food industry. Eur Food Res Tech 2023;249: 2957—76. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00217- 023-04341-7.

[159] Meybodi NM, Mortazavian AM. Probiotic supplements and food products: a comparative approach. Open Access Biochem Pharmacol 2017;6920(2):27. https://doi.org/ 10.4172/2167-0501.1000227. 227. [160] Awaisheh SS. Probiotic food products classes, types, and processing. From the Edited Volume. In: Rigobelo Everlon Cid, editor. Probiotics; 2012. https://www.intechopen.com/ chapters/39646.

[161] Mehmet T, Goksen G, Bagder ES, Isleyen Arslankoz N, Filiz O. In vitro properties of potential probiotic indigenous lactic acid bacteria originating from traditional pickles. BioMed Res Int 2015;1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/315819.

[162] Rahman MDS, Emon DD, Toma MA, Nupur AH, Karmoker P, Iqbal A, et al. Recent advances in probiotication of fruit and vegetable juices Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries. Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Agricultural University; 2023. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j706. REVIEW ARTICLE.

[163] Mikawlrawng K, Kumar S, Bhatnagar K. Drug interactions, safety and efficacy of probiotics. Review Article, Asian J Med Health 2016;1(4):1—4. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJMAH/ 2016/29244.

[164] Shen H, Zhao Z, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zhang L. Native and engineered probiotics: promising agents against related systemic and intestinal diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020594.

[165] Liu Y, Wang J, Wu C. Modulation of gut microbiota and immune system by probiotics, pre-biotics, and post-biotics. Front Nutr 2022;8:634897. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fnut.2021.634897.

[166] Picard C, Fioramonti J, Francois A, Robinson T, Neant F, Matuchansky C. Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents — physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22(6):495—512. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x.

[167] Martín MJ, Lara-Villoslada F, Ruiz MA, Morales ME. Microencapsulation of bacteria: a review of different technologies and their impact on the probiotic effects. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2015;27:15—25. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.09.010.

[168] Plaza-Diaz J, Ojeda FJR, Campos MG, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Advanced Nutrition 2019;10(1): S49—66. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy063.

[169] Evivie SE, Huo GC, Igene JO, Bian X. Some current applications, limitations and future perspectives of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. Food Nutr Res 2017;61(1):1318034. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1318034.

[170] O'Brien J, Crittenden R, Ouwehand AC, Salminen S. Safety evaluation of probiotics. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999;10 (12):418—24.

[171] Panghal A, Janghu S, Virkar K, Gat Y, Kumar V, Chhikara N, et al. Potential non-dairy probiotic products-a healthy approach. Food Biosci 2018;21:80—9. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fbio.2017.12.003.

[172] Borgonovi TF, Casarotti SN, Penna ALB. Lacticaseibacillus casei SJRP38 and buriti pulp increased bioactive compounds and probiotic potential of fermented milk. LWT - Food Sci Technol (Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft -Technol) 2022;143(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111124.

[173] Bollinger KW, Müh U, Ocius KL, Apostolos AJ, Pires MM, Helm RF, et al. Identification of a family of peptidoglycan transpeptidases reveals that Clostridioides difficile requires noncanonical cross-links for viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2024;121(34). https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.2408540121.

[174] Kumari A, Singla R, Guliani A, Yadav SK. Nanoencapsulation for drug delivery. EXCLI J 2014;13:265—86. PMCID: PMC4464443 PMID: 26417260.

[175] Alayande KA, Aiyegoro OA, Nengwekhulu TM, KatataSeru L, Ateba CN. Integrated genome-based probiotic relevance and safety evaluation of Lactobacillus reuteri. PNW1. PLoS One 2020;15(7):1—16. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0235873.

Download

Share

COinS