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Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic disorder associated with immune dysregulation and chronic low-grade inflammation Objectives: This study aimed to quantify serum levels of (IL-10) and (IL-12) in patients with (T2DM) and to explore their potential role as early diagnostic biomarkers in comparison with healthy controls. Methods:  A case–control study be situated showed including 120 participants: 80 patients with T2DM and 40 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 were quantified using ELISA. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed using standard automated methods. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, correlation analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate diagnostic performance. Results: Serum IL‑10 levels remained significantly lower in patients with T2DM related with controls (15.59 ± 5.79 vs. 20.53 ± 9.64 pg/mL, p = 0.01). Similarly, IL‑12 concentrations were significantly reduced in the patient group (15.31 ± 6.22 vs. 20.59 ± 8.43 pg/mL, p = 0.03). Patients also exhibited significantly higher HbA1c and WBC levels (p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated that mutually IL‑10 and IL‑12 showed moderate diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing patients from controls. Conclusion: Reduced serum levels of IL‑10 and IL‑12 reflect early immune dysregulation in T2DM and support their potential use as complementary diagnostic biomarkers alongside conventional metabolic indicators.

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